These cultures generally had developed hierarchical societies that had an elite. It is one of 11 mound complexes from this period found in the Lower Mississippi Valley. Watson Brake in Louisiana, constructed about 3500 BCE during the Middle Archaic period, is the oldest known and dated mound complex in North America. The first mound building was an early marker of political and social complexity among the cultures in the Eastern United States.
Geographically, the cultures were present in the region of the Great Lakes, the Ohio River Valley, and the Mississippi River Valley and its tributary waters. The "Mound Builder" cultures span the period of roughly 3500 BCE (the construction of Watson Brake) to the 16th century CE, including the Archaic period, Woodland period ( Calusa culture, Adena and Hopewell cultures), and Mississippian period.
It does not refer to a specific people or archaeological culture, but refers to the characteristic mound earthworks which indigenous peoples erected for an extended period of more than 5,000 years.
950–1100 CE and located at the Cahokia Mounds UNESCO World Heritage Site near Collinsville, Illinois, is the largest pre-Columbian earthwork in America north of Mesoamerica.Ī number of pre-Columbian cultures in North America were collectively termed " Mound Builders", but the term has no formal meaning.
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